Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects the skin, causing inflammation and the rapid buildup of skin cells. This leads to scaly, itchy patches—often on the elbows, knees, scalp, and feet—but can appear anywhere on the body.
What Causes Psoriasis?
The exact cause remains unclear, but genetics and immune system dysfunction play key roles. Psoriasis is not contagious. It develops when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, accelerating their growth cycle. This results in the characteristic thick, red, scaly lesions.
Types of Psoriasis
There are several distinct types, each with unique characteristics:
- Plaque psoriasis: The most common form, causing raised, scaly patches (plaques) on the skin.
- Guttate psoriasis: Often triggered by a bacterial infection, presenting as small, drop-like lesions.
- Inverse psoriasis: Affects skin folds (armpits, groin), appearing smooth and red.
- Pustular psoriasis: Characterized by pus-filled blisters, often severe and widespread.
- Erythrodermic psoriasis: A rare, severe form covering most of the body in red, inflamed skin.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Early signs include red, itchy patches covered in silvery scales. The condition can vary in severity, from mild discomfort to debilitating pain and disfigurement. Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, skin biopsy, or family history review.
Treatment Options
Psoriasis treatment aims to manage symptoms and slow skin cell growth. Options include:
- Topical creams and ointments: Corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs, retinoids.
- Phototherapy: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light.
- Systemic medications: Oral or injectable drugs that suppress the immune system.
- Biologics: Targeted therapies blocking specific immune pathways.
Psoriasis and Health Complications
Beyond skin issues, psoriasis is linked to increased risk of:
- Arthritis: Psoriatic arthritis causes joint pain and stiffness.
- Cardiovascular disease: Psoriasis can accelerate plaque buildup in arteries.
- Depression and anxiety: Chronic skin conditions affect mental health.
- Metabolic syndrome: Increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.
Psoriasis in Diverse Populations
Symptoms can present differently across skin tones. In Black skin, psoriasis may appear darker or purplish, with less scaling. Early diagnosis is crucial, as delayed treatment can worsen symptoms.
Managing Flares and Prevention
Triggers include stress, injury, infection, and certain medications. Managing flares involves identifying triggers, moisturizing regularly, and following treatment plans. Prevention focuses on avoiding irritants, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and minimizing stress.
Psoriasis is a lifelong condition, but effective management can improve quality of life. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and ongoing care are essential for controlling symptoms and preventing complications.
