Yeast infections are a common health concern, especially for women, with up to 75% experiencing at least one in their lifetime. While not classified as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their connection to sexual activity – and HIV risk – warrants understanding. The primary cause is Candida overgrowth, often triggered by antibiotics, hormonal shifts, or a weakened immune system.
How Yeast Infections Develop
Yeast infections, also known as candidiasis, aren’t typically spread through sex. They arise when the natural balance of microorganisms in the body is disrupted, allowing Candida yeasts to multiply excessively. Common triggers include:
- Antibiotic use, which kills beneficial bacteria alongside harmful ones.
- Hormonal fluctuations from birth control, pregnancy, or menstrual cycles.
- A suppressed immune system or uncontrolled diabetes.
- Irritating products like scented soaps or tight clothing that traps moisture.
Symptoms often mimic STIs – vaginal itching, burning, pain, redness, and abnormal discharge. This overlap can cause confusion, but the underlying causes are distinct.
The Link to HIV: A Critical Connection
Though not an STI itself, yeast infections have a documented link to HIV/AIDS. HIV weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to opportunistic infections like candidiasis. Recurrent yeast infections (four or more per year) are common in women with HIV and can be harder to treat.
Conversely, a yeast infection can increase HIV risk. The inflammation it causes attracts white blood cells, some of which HIV can infect. More susceptible cells in the vagina create more opportunities for the virus to enter if exposed. Condom use is vital during a yeast infection, especially if your partner’s HIV status is unknown. Antifungal creams can weaken latex, so abstinence is safest until the infection clears.
Men and Yeast Infections
Men aren’t immune. Yeast infections in males typically occur in warm, moist areas like under the foreskin. While transmission from a female partner is possible (around 15% of men may develop a rash), it’s less common. Risk factors include poor hygiene, uncircumcised penises, antibiotic use, and diabetes.
Beyond Vaginal Infections: Anal Yeast Infections
Yeast infections can also occur anally, mirroring vaginal causes: tight clothing, poor hygiene, or candida buildup traveling from the intestines. Like vaginal infections, anal candidiasis isn’t an STI but can spread through unprotected anal sex.
When to See a Doctor
Most yeast infections clear with over-the-counter or prescription treatment. However, severe symptoms like intense itching, swelling, or sores require medical attention. If symptoms persist after treatment, it could be another infection, so diagnosis is key.
Bottom line: While yeast infections are rarely serious, they can cause discomfort. Sexual activity during an infection may delay healing and potentially increase HIV risk. Proper treatment and caution are essential. Always consult a doctor if symptoms don’t improve or if you’re unsure of the cause.
